| GST collections | Receipt | Revenue | Ordinary tax income — no asset is sold, no liability is created. Balance sheet untouched. |
| Corporate tax | Receipt | Revenue | Tax income again — same test, same answer. |
| Income tax | Receipt | Revenue | Tax income — recurring, creates nothing, reduces nothing. |
| RBI / PSU dividend | Receipt | Revenue | Non-tax revenue — a payout received, not an asset sold or a debt taken on. |
| Disinvestment proceeds | Receipt | Capital | The government is selling an asset it owns (PSU shares) — the asset side goes down, so it's capital, however "revenue-like" the cash feels. |
| Market borrowings (G-secs) | Receipt | Capital | Creates a liability — it has to be repaid with interest. |
| Recovery of loans (states repaying Centre) | Receipt | Capital | An asset the Centre held (a loan receivable) is reduced when it's repaid. |
| Small savings (via NSSF) | Receipt | Capital | Money raised from depositors that must eventually be paid back — a liability. |
| Salaries & pensions | Expenditure | Revenue | Recurring running cost — no asset is created, no liability retired. Balance sheet untouched. |
| Interest payments | Expenditure | Revenue | The cost of servicing past borrowing, not the borrowing itself — nothing on the balance sheet moves, only cash goes out as an expense. |
| Food & fertilizer subsidies | Expenditure | Revenue | A recurring transfer payment — no asset comes into existence. |
| Building a new highway | Expenditure | Capital | Creates a physical asset the government owns — that's the capital test on the spending side. |
| Loans given to states/UTs | Expenditure | Capital | Creates a financial asset (a loan receivable) even though cash is going out. |
| Repaying principal on past debt | Expenditure | Capital | Reduces a liability — same test as the receipts side, mirrored. |
